| Field notes | Lowland evergreen forest-disturbed; hillslope clustering robust rattan climbing to 15 m often more. Stem without sheaths 2.5 cm, with to 4 cm. Sheaths dull yellow green, armed with very dense whorls or spines. Knee absent. Spines around mouth erect, papery petiole 30 m. Leaf ecurate, 2 m 50 dark green leaflets on each side of rachis, regular arcuate. Flagellum to 10 m first bract very spiny. Infl. female, with 8 very destant partial inflorescences, each to c. 1 m |